Architecture Classes | The Value of Early American Architecture

Newton Drury stated, "There are certain values in our landscape that ought to be sustained against destruction or impairment; though their worth cannot be expressed in money terms.

Traditional architectural design virtually disappeared during the rise of modern architecture. Americans are showing they want more than the sleek disigns of modern architecture. The past decade has brought a rebirth of interest in early American architectural accents.

Home and business owners are looking to the past to determine what works and what is appealing.

Traditional architecture focuses on architecture and design, holding to the belief that by integrating architecture and design all projects benefit. There is an art to proper building and the appropriate use of architectural accents for each building type, beauty being the ultimate goal.

The choice of the best materials and design will provide a long term investment. By working with a finely tuned eye, a design begins with the building's role in the environment. There is an art to appropriate use of architectural accents for each building type.

American architecture began during the 17th century, when our forefathers came to North America. The settlers brought with them varies building techniques from their homeland. Being creative and adapting to the climate, skills and available building materials, they set out building quality construction which varied among the different settlements.

In New Orleans, the French government sent skill architects to produce the quality of buildings as in France. This is the only settlement at the time that had architects to produce the buildings.

The mansions in the South depicted Roman and Greek design. Building adobe structures, the Spanish settlers in the Southwest were influenced by the Native Americans. At the same time, New England went about building gabled buildings with Gothic inspiration.

In the 18th century the government and office buildings in Williamsburg, VA, were built with class and formal English architecture. President's George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were very interested in architecture and were very influential in the planning and building of Washington, DC.

Barns have been a large part of traditional American architecture, as every farm had a barn. Sears and Roebuck Co, as well as others sold tens of thousands of homes and barns all over the country. They were delivered by railroad and were assembled at the building site.

By the second half of the 19th century the trend of modern design was to use steel, cast iron and concrete to construct buildings. It was during this time the sky scrapers began being built. It was during this time the sky scrapers began being built. Glass and steel towers sprung up throughout the USA. The early American designs were replaced by the strong architectural statement of glass and steel.

By the 1960's, houses changed to have attached garages, front porches went out of style. It was during this time that family rooms were the gathering place, replacing the formal living room.

The United States was slow to recognize the value of our older historic buildings till the Mount Vernon restoration stirred awareness of American historic architecture. Federal grants for historic preservation became available and along with that a rebirth of craftsmanship.

People increasingly long to live with traditional design for the lasting value not only for the present but in the future. Quality construction does not become tired or dated, rather the elegant design will age gracefully. Good buildings will increase in value over time instead of decrease.

American character and integrity embodies traditional early American architecture. The elegant lines speak volumes about the values and priorities of our forefathers. The choice of the best materials and design will prove a long term investment, increasing in value throughout the years.

Copyright (c) 2009 Elda Titus

Elda Titus, owner of Prairie Rose Country, an on-line business, bringing back traditional early American architectural accents, selling top quality, unique, louvered, window and custom cupolas. We offer quality cupolas, to capture the spirit of early American architecture. These accents are functional and designed to accept a weathervane. To learn more about these high quality cupolas and weathervanes visit at http://PrairieRoseCountry.com

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Architecture Classes | Thinking of a Career in Interior Architecture Design?

Interior Architecture is a bridge between architecture and interior design. It provides professionals with the proper knowledge regarding the building of structures and the importance and understanding of load bearing walls. The fields of Interior Architecture and Interior Design are quite similar. Some people refer to the two fields as one and call it Interior Architecture Design.

Interior architectural design professionals in the United States cannot call himself or herself an Interior Architect unless they have completed the educational requirements to become a fully licensed architect. The actual definition of Interior Architecture is a program that prepares people to apply the architectural principles in the design of structural interiors for living, recreational and for business purposes so as to function as a professional interior architect. This includes instruction in the architecture of heating and cooling systems, occupational and safety standards, interior design, specific end-use applications, structural systems design and professional responsibilities and standards.

If interested in a career in the interior architecture design field there are plenty of options available to the aspiring designer whether they wish to attend a college or university or take classes online. These courses explore the links and similarities between interior design and architecture. Interior Design programs will challenge you to explore creative ideas for using space and re-inventing how buildings are designed. Some areas of study include the conceptual creativity of design and the philosophy and theory behind design plus the latest technology used for interior design.

Individuals pursuing an education in interior design or interior architecture can expect to develop a wide range of skills including the use of CAD (Computer Aided Drawing) software, video and photography. Other skills will be developed in the studio such as the use of models and how to construct the models.

Interior Design programs prepare the interior architectural design student for technological, cultural and environmental issues. Students who attend a studio classroom are taught in workshops, lectures and seminars.

Here are some basic courses the interior architecture design student will study in their first year:

o Design Visual Thinking

o Materials and Construction

o History and Theory of Design

o Introduction to Interior Architecture and Design

o Design Making Ideas

o Design, Spatial Investigations

o Design, Context and Process

o Structures, Environment and Sustainability

In the second year of studying interior architecture design, the student will study the following modules:

o Communication and Participation

o Design Exploration

o Design Proposition

o Interior Environments

o Modern Architecture

o Interior Environments

o Tectonics and Realization

These are very in depth courses to help prepare the interior architecture design student for real world situations. In the third year of study, students can expect to learn the following:

o Design Research and Proposition

o History Dissertation

o Design Resolution

o Placement

Work placement can be in any Interior Architecture Design field that takes on entry-level designers. Professional work placement is an excellent opportunity that can pave the way to a rewarding career in interior design. As work placement is considered the bridge from study to professional employment.

Thinking of a career in Interior Design? Use our site as a valuable reference point for Interior Design Jobs
by T.D. Houser

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Architecture Classes | How To Keep Inner City High School Students Focused On Architectural Scaling

Most students in the inner city have a need to have abstract concepts make solid for them to comprehend. An example of this is in how to teach scaling for architectural drawings to drafting class students.

A large percentage of inner city High School students have trouble with math in general and scaling in particular. In an architectural drafting class it is vital for students to grasp the basics of scaling before they can start their work.

The way to do this is to you use verbal illustrations in your lectures about scaling. If you make your illustration so that the content is in high contrast you will have very good results in students understanding what you are trying to teach.

For example, when you are giving instruction on the different fractions to plug in for scales on a drawing use examples that have extremely large numbers such as the solar system. The students can visualize the solar system and they will agree that it is large. Ask the students if a scale of ¼" would be appropriate to fit an image of the solar system on a 8-1/2" x 11" sheet of paper and they will quickly see your point.

Using large numbers with implied images (such as the solar system) makes solid and clear the concept of scale. Scaling is an abstraction that is easy to understand but difficult to implement. In closing it is wise to tell the class that the size of the paper determines the scale.

About the Author:

I was born and raised on the south side of Chicago in Hyde Park Township, near the University of Chicago. As I child I was always drawing and painting. My father owned an art supply company, Favor Ruhl & Watson, where I was able to get all that I needed to progress in my work.

I have always enjoyed portraiture and landscape painting. In High School (Naperville Central High School) I took Drafting from Mr. Pierce. I quickly grasped the principles of perspective and drafting and hence made a career with both Fine Art and Architectural Renderings.

In the mid 1970's I joined the US Navy and was stationed on board the USS Midway, CV-41. The Midway was home ported in Yokosuka, Japan (A suburb of Tokyo). While in service I traveled all over Asia including such countries as Korea, China, Philippines, Singapore, Pakistan, Hong Kong, and Japan. While in Japan I learned Japanese. I speak German and Spanish as well.

I am an omnivorous reader with a love of History and Philosophy. I admire the works of Immanuel Kant, Albert Schweitzer, and Fredrich Nietzsche. In music I admire the wo

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Architecture Classes | Get Quality Professional Architectural Engineering Services

In architectural engineering field architectural design services like building and structural design, exterior and interior 3D rendering, architectural as built drawing, plans, elevation and sections, architectural drafting, architectural drawing, landscaping, and 3D modeling.

With the development of complex technology of internet and communication network, limitations between the two countries have slashed significantly giving a constructive significant benefit to big organization to decrease their significant overhead operating expense, high effort cost and precious time to increase their competence, growth and to remain economical in the rising competitive marketplace. Outsourcing is a cost-effective and consistent option which gives a great quality results that has been established by big winning organizations.

With the engineering quickly rising in scope and difficulty, design-build contractors, leading architectural firms, and real estate developers fundamentally look for high-end, specialized services to support their core competencies, make sure quick rotate, and improve overall operational competence of the construction procedure. Cutting down on expenses also leftovers a crucial factor for business success as manufacturing players are frequently compelled to invest a lot in advance technologies like 3D animation and BIM, as well as skilled human resources. Outsourcing your custom supplies to a outsourcing solutions leader like e-Engineers not only provides right to use to best industry practices and sufficient technical expertise but also guarantees high-class results delivered round the clock while you advantage from most favorable scalability and significant cost compensation.

Most of an Indian based service provider company provides architectural services to India, US, and UK clients.

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o Can make any multifaceted architectural design as per your necessities and the entire project is handled in more professional technique.
o Have highly skilled manpower that can give you reliable 100% quality work.

An architectural engineer applies the skills of many engineering regulations to the design, operation, maintenance, construction, and renovation of buildings even as paying concentration to their impacts on the nearby environment.

Architectural Engineering field include wealth of expertise and skill in architecture and civil engineering to give you solutions that unite imagination, functionality and cost. Outsourcing significant architectural design services similar to building and structural design, elevations & sections, exterior and interior 3d rendering, plans, and cost estimation good business intelligence.

They are 100% sure we will be able to give you quality work at very reasonable price. Contact them at once for your immediate architectural services requirement. Architectural Engineering provides the maximum quality professional services in architectural engineering, Structural engineering, civil engineering, drafting, and design to private and public clients.

This has been provided courtesy of eEngineers http://www.eengineers.biz, specialize in innovative outsourcing solutions for architects & engineers. Architectural, Mechanical and Civil Engineering have helped us to establish our footsteps in the global market.

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Architecture Classes | Architecture Schools

Rapid urbanization and buildings turning into art forms has given a boost to architecture studies. Colleges and universities across the USA offer professional courses in architecture and related fields accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB). This is an important requirement for being a licensed architect.

The best route in being a registered or licensed architect is a five-year Bachelor or Master of Architecture degree program. If hesitant or unsure of career choice, opt for a four-year bachelor's degree and then move on to graduate school for a 2- or 3-year Masters Degree program in Architecture. To be a licensed or registered architect one needs an internship in an architectural firm working under the supervision of registered professionals, followed by a comprehensive examination.

Different states have their own jurisdiction procedures. Some boards require a pre-professional degree in architecture or a bachelor's degree in any subject. The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) follow their own criteria for admission to licensing examinations. Before applying to a college or school, check on the number of accredited programs being offered, or on related degree programs such as a program in historic preservation or architectural engineering with an accredited professional architecture degree program. The coursework is similar to accredited programs but problems arise at the time of license. Sometimes a single school offers several accredited professional degree programs, such as a five-year undergraduate degree for high school graduates and a three-and-a-half-year graduate degree for those who already have a degree in another field. One should check on the accreditation status of the school before applying as new architecture schools cannot have NAAB accreditation until the first professional class graduates.

If still undecided, the best choice is the Bachelor of Architecture programs, which allow flexibility of the yearly components of (2+3, 1+4, 3+2 or 4+1). This allows logical entry and exit points from various phases of a full five-year program. The student's work is carefully reviewed before moving onto the next phase: another architecture program, institution or academic discipline such as landscape architecture, industrial design, graphic design, etc.

If interested in further specialization get a post-professional architecture degree in design theory, health care facilities, preservation, interior design, solar design, etc. One minor hitch is that these studies are not NAAB accredited. Study of architecture should not be cost deterrent. The majority of schools and colleges offer financial aid. Another way to save money on your architecture education is to take admission at a community or junior college, then move onto a more renowned college. Or you can opt for five-year program offering logical curriculum decision points. Picking up non-architectural disciplines such as behavioral sciences, engineering (structural and mechanical), economics, CAD or computer-aided design, history or communication is an added bonus whether interested in buildings or landscape designs.

Architecture provides detailed information on Architecture, Architecture Designs, Architecture Schools, Landscape Architecture and more. Architecture is affiliated with Residential Architects [http://www.Architects-Web.com].

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Architecture Classes | Cuba Architecture Guide - Colonial Influences

The term Cuban Colonial Architecture covers all the civil and military constructions built in Cuba from the 16th century to the end of the 19th century. The ancient cities in Cuba seduce the visitor with its mystery and the way they have survived time and natural disasters. The architecture from that period of time is marked by the use of columns, arcades, banisters, stained-glass windows, doors, and everything that necessity, good taste, and the weather allowed constructing. The best exponents of this architecture were built in Havana, Trinidad, Cienfuegos, Camaguey, and Santiago de Cuba.

Spanish and Cubans thought alike and dedicated a great part of their wealth to demonstrate the sense of domination, conquest, power, and opulence. The visitor can find this in Cuba from reminiscences of Spanish Baroque to the lack of French Neoclassic moderation. The most convincing proof is found in the monumental French tombs of the Colon Cemetery in Havana City and the ones in Cienfuegos, in Reina Cemetery.

However, despite the logical influences taken in Cuba, its architecture had to assume ideas and solutions needed for the heat of the tropic, which later on became a style on its own and have transcended the boundaries of the Cuban Culture. Protection from the sun or the heavy rains were reasons enough for changes, such as the arcade with architrave columns, high doors and windows, the banisters in the balconies, the staircases and above all the great amount of parks, fountains, squares, small squares, benches and avenues.

The dominant presence of Catholicism also determined the course of Cuban constructions during the colonial times. Examples of that are the numerous churches, chapels, cemeteries, and seminaries built with an overwhelmingly colonial sentiment, a sense both environmental and familiar; the final touchstone of the traditions and spirits of the dominant class and the emerging rich Cubans. The monumental and luxurious style of the civil and military buildings marked a Cuban style which progressively became part of mansions and public buildings which restored in a way the Spanish dominance on the island. As time passed, all these peculiarities became engrained in the minds of the average Cubans, who tried to imitate those construction models.

The fortifications built on the island are another living example of the mixture of styles and the appropriations made to adapt to the weather of Cuba and the available construction materials. The greatest part of the buildings was constructed of rocks of masonry from a limy origin and, and the buildings were constructed without decorative intentions or excesses. The architects (the vast majority foreigners) did not do anything more than building high fortresses with wide walls that would resist the artillery of the time. It is worth saying that one important colonial contribution was to avoid massive blueprints and conceive the castles with points instead of corners in order to lessen the impact of the cannons.

The colonial architecture of Cuba survived the Spanish defeat in 1902 and its rules were kept almost intact until the advent of the influences of the Art Noveau, and Art Deco during the first decades of the 20th century. Nevertheless, with the arrival of the American Eclecticism during the 1950s, a great amount of the top-class buildings, above all in Havana City, disappeared in order to construct new buildings full of new airs.

This brief introduction to colonial architecture in Cuba was written by a Cuba travel expert from Cuba For Less, a specialist in fully customizable Cuba vacation packages.

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Architecture Classes | Your Architecture Questions Answered

Have you ever looked at a building and thought it was a miracle that something so intricate could ever be designed by man? Architecture plays a vital role in everything we see, touch or feel. Our homes are designed with protection and comfort in mind. The eye is pleased by the soaring arches and beautiful designs using stone, wood, metal or glass.

It is both an art and a science that has taken mankind through the centuries. From the first crudely constructed structures to the dizzying heights of skyscrapers, humanity has been shaped and nurtured with it. In this article we will discuss the history of architecture and some of the basic questions you may have regarding this great blend of art, form, science and function.

What are the different types of architecture?

There are many types of architects. But to be more specific, the architects specialize in different areas. All usually have the same background of a Bachelor's degree but some chose not to design buildings. A landscape architect specializes in shaping nature.

The "green" architect designs homes and buildings to conserve energy and help protect the Earth's resources. Some architects work only on historic preservation. There are many areas in which an architect can focus his or her talents.

What are some of the most famous examples of great architecture?

Just to keep the list brief but duly notable, we will list only the major examples of architecture through the ages. The Neolithic period gave us the dwellings at Skara Brae. The Ancient period gave us the pyramids in Egypt, the Temple of Hera in Greece and the Indian Hindu temples of Somanathapura.

You also can not forget the Cistine Chapel, the Louvre, the Eiffel Tower and the Empire State Building. If you are a fan of Modern architecture then you probably are familiar with Frank Lloyd Wright's Falling Waters in Pennsylvania.

What are some of the top schools for architecture?

Depending on the style of architecture you wish to pursue, there are many great colleges and universities in the United States that can offer fabulous opportunities to learn it. The top five for a Bachelor's degree in it are: Cornell University, Rice University, Syracuse University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and the Rhode Island School of Design. Keep in mind that rankings do not mean that your chosen school does not have a fine program. These are just a few of the colleges on the list.

How long will my degree take?

No one can give you an exact time that you will complete your degree within. If you continue through school until you have achieved a Master's degree and finished your internship, you are looking at around six to eight years. It can be more or less depending on your class load and how easy you pass the classes and tests to acquire your license.

What do I need to know in order to design my own home?

All home designs start with a vision about how you want your house to look. After you have decided what look you are trying to obtain, you need to start thinking about having someone who knows structural codes come in and help you. There are many house designing programs that can help you design your own home. You can always talk with a builder and take a look at his or her plans and modify them.

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Architecture Classes | Online Architecture Degree

Many of the online "Education Business Companies", who claim to offer a fully accredited online architecture degree, are deceiving. I even heard of a company that offer what so called a 100% legal online architecture degree in only 7 days! It's true that advances in technology made it possible for universities now to offer online degrees. But, to my knowledge, there will be only one accredited online architecture degree available.So, there no fully accredited online architecture degree yet, but there will be. This program is under development, and it is expected to be available starting from July 2008. Graduates will earn an professional diploma in architecture (equivalent to master of architecture degree in some countries). This program is a cooperation between one of the worlds foremost and fastest growing online and distance education specialists universities in Canada, and a Canadian architectural organization.

A conceptual design for the program has been completed and it is now going through the first program approval steps. The only issue that they are trying to solve is the traditional classroom design studio. Many architecture classes are studio design classes where students have to build models. But at the same time, they want to move the design studio entirely online, so they could offer this degree worldwide.This degree will be offered mostly through the internet. You will also be required to work under a direct supervision of a registered architect in your local area.

What are the advantages of obtaining a degree online?

I know that most people who look to study online are those who have jobs or married with kids. Taking a class online is perfect for anyone with a job in daytime hours because of the increased flexibility it offers. Moreover, studying online can offer students the flexibility needed for such a demanding field like architecture. Students in this field of education have the ability to work their studies around their lives.

For a complete report about this matter, with links to the university Online Architecture Degree

Author Samawy completed a degree in architecture at the University of of British Columbia in 2000. He has been practicing in the field of architecture since then. You may use any part of the content for your link, including article headlines, but you must link to this link: Online Architecture Degree Always mention the author's name.

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Architecture Classes | Drafting and Architecture Online

Looking for Online Drafting and Architecture classes? Persons interested in enrolling in an accredited online drafting and architecture school can conveniently attain basic online courses in this field of study with just a little time and dedication!

Currently, there are no complete online degree programs available in architecture and drafting, but there are partial or continuing education courses designed to enhance the careers of architecture professionals and to help students enter full-time training programs geared toward a degree.

Drafting and architecture online curriculums include but are not limited to introductory lessons in design; field evaluation and permit considerations; plotting basics; basic blueprint reading and relevant mathematics; drawing commands, setup, and lines; sketching, modifications and text commands; dimensioning; isometric & three-dimensional designs; beginners building codes; building pathologies comprised of columns and walls, foundations, materials, parapets and decks, roofs, utilities, etc.

Additionally, accredited online drafting and architecture classes are more specifically created to prepare individuals for the NCARB's Architect Registration Examination (ARE). Common online coursework includes building design, construction documents and services, electrical systems, general structures, lateral forces, materials and methods, mechanical systems, and pre-design. Some accredited online drafting and architecture institutes will cater to organizations and businesses by delivering online classes to architects and drafters in order to provide professionals with the most innovative and up-to-date applications and methods.

As with any educational pursuit it is always wise to review potential courses for accreditation and whether or not courses will be accepted toward a degree. For more specific information regarding online architecture and drafting coursework, students may visit the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB).

If you are interested in an education in drafting and architecture online or other programs of study, search our site for more in-depth information and resources.

DISCLAIMER: Above is a GENERAL OVERVIEW and may or may not reflect specific practices, courses and/or services associated with ANY ONE particular school(s) that is or is not advertised on SchoolsGalore.com.

Copyright 2006 - All Rights Reserved
C. Bailey-Lloyd, in association with Media Positive Communications, Inc. for SchoolsGalore.com

Notice to Publishers: Please feel free to use this article in your Ezine or on your Website; however, ALL links must remain intact and active.

C. Bailey-Lloyd is the Public Relations Director and Writer for Media Positive Communications, Inc. in association with SchoolsGalore.com. Find Drafting and Architecture Online Schools at SchoolsGalore.com; meeting your needs as your educational resource to locate schools

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Architecture Courses | Service-Oriented Architecture

Service-oriented architecture, or SOA, is a hot topic in business today. You may have read about service-oriented architectures and be wondering how they can affect your business as well as how they can be of use to you. By looking at it from both a real-world perspective as well as a technical perspective, you will forge a solid understanding of service-oriented architecture from which you can jump off to implementing this technology within your business.

Defining Service-Oriented Architectures

Essentially, a service is the implementation of some step in one or more business processes, and a service-oriented architecture takes advantage of those services. More importantly, service-oriented architectures have many benefits for businesses, including enabling better alignment of business requirements and technology. Service-oriented architectures also allow services to be easily swapped out or reused for different purposes. And a service-oriented architecture gives your business the ability to leverage existing services easily while also leaving the option to write new services to fulfill specific purposes.

Service-oriented architectures rely heavily on programming in XML, a text-based mark up language that enables developers to define their own specific structure of data. However, one major benefit of setting up a service-oriented architecture is that it doesn't matter which language or protocol is used. Instead, the process can be written to be able to be used across many platforms.

One simple example of service-oriented architecture would be a program that installed on a computer that can organize a user's digital music library. The program may work best if it has access to the Internet and can utilize a service - looking up the name of a CD or song title in a large music database, for example, or giving access to an online store that uses the same database in a different manner. Service-oriented architectures are essentially about giving existing services new functionality.

How Service-Oriented Architectures Can Benefit a Business

When used by businesses, service-oriented architectures can make it possible for the establishment of, for example, a complete online registration process. This process could include a way to send the registrant an email with specific directions to the facility without requiring the person to go to a third-party website for that information. Instead, a program could be written to pull the information directly from the registration application, reference the third-party website, and seamlessly integrate the response into the confirmation email.

The same could hold true for weather information - the program could give the user information about the weather based on both the user's zip code and the zip code for the location of the training. This would enable the business to offer a value-added service in its emails - the weather information would be provided directly, rather than from a third-party site that the end user would have to access independently, and would be personalized. Other items involved in the service-oriented architecture could include scheduling, registration, and credit card processing.

Services could also allow different ways to access a single database. Using a real-world example of service-oriented architecture, a company could make its database of books and music available to outside users as a service, and the users could choose to create processes that pull particular information out of that database. For example, someone could create a process that allows visitors to a website to search an artist name within that larger database, and the results returned would only encompass information relating to compact discs, rather than to book titles that also mentioned the name.

Taking an example of service-oriented architecture from the business world, a database of courses could be utilized as a service to give different individuals access to different aspects of the database in different manners. Trainers, for example, could be given access to a thick client application that enables them to search a complete database, including courses that are not made available to the public. The public, on the other hand, could be given access to a web-based application through which it could search for courses falling on particular dates or covering particular topics. And sales people could be given even a different way to access that database to find out not only when courses are available but in which locations, leading to weather information and driving directions. All of this could be accomplished seamlessly using service-oriented architectures, without needing to create multiple databases for multiple users.

Making Adjustments More Easily with Service-Oriented Architectures

One difference between a service-oriented architecture and a more traditional development mode is that service-oriented architectures allow a company to hand over a more focused set of requirements to its IT team. In addition, while the full establishment of a service-oriented architecture can take an extended period of time, an individual service can be built in a few weeks. This means that there is room for easier adjustments to be made on a service and time for mistakes to be caught earlier in the process, which can further benefit a business.

Conclusion

Essentially, a service-oriented architecture can be a huge benefit for any company that uses Web-based applications. It can provide new functionality for programs written on outdated platforms and it can save developers time in not needing to write new processes when useful ones already are in existence. While service-oriented architectures may be the hot topic of the moment, it seems clear that they will continue to be an important part of business for many years to come.

About the Author

Charlie Fink is the vice president of product development and delivery for WestLake Training and Development. He has been designing and developing leading software solutions for over 15 years and has also developed client training focused on use and support of custom software systems. Prior to joining WestLake, Charlie was the vice president and chief product architect for the Arlington Group, as well as a principal of AEC software. To learn more about information technology training, please visit http://www.westlaketraining.com.

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Architecture Courses | Typical Golf Course Architecture

The vast majority of golf courses today have 18 holes as a staple of their golf course architecture. There are however, a few courses still around that have only nine holes... this usually comes about as a result of the budget available to build the course or the land available at the time the golf course architecture is laid out.

In the beginning seaside golf course architecture was referred to as links type golf courses. This is because these golf courses were the link between the sea and the farmland.

Most typical golf courses are between 5,000 and 7,000 yards long. Of course, there are still a few monster courses out there that are longer, but I would suggest if you're just starting out that you leave those types of courses to the better players... or those monster mash type of fun golf outings.

The architecture of golf courses are set up so that every hole you play will either be par three, par four or a par 5. If you're thinking of a par two, you're thinking of miniature golf... and if you're thinking of a par six, well... there may be a few out there used as gimmicks as part of the golf course architecture; but by and large they are rare.

Par refers to the amount of strokes a reasonably competent player should use in order to get the golf ball from the green to the inside of the cup.

The thing to keep in mind with par is that essentially par is based on two of those strokes being putting strokes... three putts isn't good, and one putting is the goal.

If you stop and think about it for a moment and do the math, in a standard round of golf about half of the strokes allocated, are allocated putts. So, if you have visited my website it's no wonder why I put so much emphasis on practicing your putting.

Here's a quick tip then... if you want to immediately start shaving strokes off of your golf game, then practice your putting. Golf course architecture is laid out to put a premium on putting... part three's equal one full swing and two putts... par fours equal two full swings and two putts... par fives equal three full swings and two putts.

In the United States, most golf course architecture consists of total par being 72 strokes. This consists of 10 par fours, four par threes, and four par fives. Having said this you of course can find golf course architecture with total par being anywhere from 60 to 74... almost anything can go.

So get out there and start improving your golf game and you'll soon not only be enjoying the game more but you'll also be gaining a greater understanding and appreciation for the golf course architecture.

Discover the secrets of getting your golf game to the next level. Whether you're just beginning, need some fine tuning, or just tired of playing bad golf... I can help. Stop by http://www.golf-ology.com and stop wasting time trying to get better on your own... that's not a good plan. I doesn't matter what part of your game needs help, whether you need golf tips your long game, your mid game, or your short game, you'll find the golf tips and golf instruction that will get you off the tee an on the green.

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Architecture Courses | Architectural Rendering Courses

Given the popularity and the numerous benefits that computer-assisted architectural rendering provides, most architects and architecture students want to get the necessary training that they need so that they can do their own rendering. The good news is that there are a number of sources from which they can obtain the training that they need to be able to use computer-assisted architectural rendering.

One of these sources is the Internet, which offers a number of courses in architectural rendering. Among these courses, one of the most popular is training on how to use AutoCAD, which is the software that most people use in architectural rendering. As with other online courses, taking an online course in AutoCAD offers a number of advantages as well as some disadvantages.

Advantages and disadvantages of online courses

One of the advantages in taking an AutoCAD course online is that you can learn the program at your own pace from your own home or office, which makes it very convenient for you. In addition to this, you can still continue with the course even if you are out of town or in another country because all you need is an Internet connection and your laptop. Moreover, the cost of an online course, which is about $700 per course, is cheaper compared to going to a campus because going to campuses involves incurring other costs apart from tuition fees.

However, there are also some disadvantages in taking an online AutoCAD course. One of these is that, given that you can take the course on your own time, there may be times when you will find it hard to find the motivation to learn the course. In addition to this, getting answers to your questions may take some time because your professors may only be able to answer your queries after a period of about 12 to 24 hours.

Given the demand for computer-assisted architectural rendering, there are now a number of sources from which people can access courses to teach them how to use the tools they need for architectural rendering, which includes programs like AutoCAD. However, apart from the advantages that online courses bring, there are also some disadvantages that people need to be aware of so that they can prepare for the responsibility of taking an online course.

Architectural Rendering provides detailed information on Architectural Rendering, 3D Architectural Rendering, Digital Architectural Rendering, Architectural Rendering Software and more. Architectural Rendering is affiliated with CAD Software.

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Architecture Courses | Architecture

Architecture is the designing of buildings within cultural, social and historical constraints prevalent at the time of construction. American architecture experienced an influence of different styles and as a result today is a complex summation of multiple traditions and techniques.

When the first European immigrants entered the new continent, the Native Americans already had their architectural traditions in the forms of tipi, longhouses and pueblos. The immigrants followed with their own building standards of the countries they had come from but by the 18th century the rule of reason and practical planning took over. The mid-19th century saw stylistic Romantic period revivals of Grecian and Gothic forms. This was also the period for rapid urbanization and construction of row houses, multifamily tenements, lodgings, and the architectural innovation of the period: the skyscrapers. The first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1884 and the first modern architect and designer of these early towers was Louis Sullivan. His most talented student was Frank Lloyd Wright, spawning a generation of followers.

By the 1930s, with the emigration of European architects to America before World War II, architecture underwent an oblivious shift to an austere and functional approach referred to as International design. The post war era saw a sudden shift in the reversal of architectural designs, with skyscrapers touching unprecedented heights, buildings displaying new colors and ornamental motifs, and motivating an innovative breed of architects willing to experiment with designs and elements. The architectural design and style of the 21st century has no boundaries, ranging from Mediterranean, French country chateaux, Modern glass and wood designs, Victorian or English Tudor, Florida and Villa estates, castles, Georgian mansions, and skyscrapers. The love of open greens made architecture turn outwards, with landscape architecture concerning itself with the design of outdoor public and private spaces.

Practical experience coupled with architecture courses offered by colleges and schools is helping to open up avenues for the fascinating career of architecture.

Architecture provides detailed information on Architecture, Architecture Designs, Architecture Schools, Landscape Architecture and more. Architecture is affiliated with Residential Architects [http://www.Architects-Web.com].

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Architecture Courses | Landscape Architecture Education

If you are seeking a landscape architecture education then you should know about some of the diverse courses that you will encounter while enrolled in a landscape architecture school.

For starters, candidates who are interested in the field of landscape architecture will need to attain extensive education and training to acquire gainful employment. In most cases, a quality landscape architecture education will lead to a Bachelor's or Master's degree.

In addition to general education, the typical curriculum in a landscape architecture course would include: construction and design of landscape, geology, management, landscape ecology, urban/regional development, agriculture, historical aspects regarding landscape architecture, plant and soil sciences, environmental engineering and other relevant studies.

Since 2004, nearly all states in America require licensure or registration of architects and landscape architects. Upon successful completion of landscape architecture school and applicable work experience, students may obtain their registration when they sit for the Landscape Architect Registration Examination (L.A.R.E.).

A thorough landscape architecture education enables future architects to design buildings, roadways and sidewalks, prominent parks and playgrounds, industrial parks, shopping centers, school campuses, and more. Career prospects are promising, as job growth is anticipated to be faster than average through the coming years.

If you would like to learn more about Landscape Architecture Education or even Online Landscape Architecture Schools , you can find more in-depth information and resources on our website.

DISCLAIMER: Above is a GENERAL OVERVIEW and may or may not reflect specific practices, courses and/or services associated with ANY ONE particular school(s) that is or is not advertised on SchoolsGalore.com.

Copyright 2007 - All rights reserved by SchoolsGalore.com, in association with Media Positive Communications, Inc.

Notice: Publishers are free to use this article on an ezine or website, provided the article is reprinted in its entirety, including copyright and disclaimer, and ALL links remain intact and active.

Michael Bustamante is a staff writer for Media Positive Communications, Inc. in association with SchoolsGalore.com. Find Landscape Architecture Schools, Colleges, Universities, Vocational Schools, and Online Schools at SchoolsGalore.com, your educational resource to locate schools.

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Architecture Courses | Architecture Training

Students considering architecture training programs might consider looking into offerings by technical, trade, and vocational schools or community colleges. Enrolling in a trade school, students can earn certificates, diplomas, or Associate of Arts (AA) or Associate of Science (AS) degrees in Architecture. In just months, students can complete an architecture course and be on their way to a professional career in the building and construction industry.

Architecture schools provide students with courses tailored to learning architectural design, various technologies, and building sciences. Students taking architecture training can anticipate gaining comprehensive skills in the use of Computer Assisted Drafting (CAD) software and three-dimensional visualization technology. Courses in graphic design, design theory, drafting and architecture, building and engineering, and communications can also be expected in architecture training programs of study.

Students who have successfully completed an architecture training program will be prepared for entry-level employment as Architecture Technicians, Assistant Project Managers, Building Materials Salesperson, Construction Assistants, Engineering Technicians, Estimators, and many other related occupations.

By furthering their architecture training at a trade or technical school, the student will be one step closer to fulfilling requisites for a career in architecture design and technology. Upon successful completion of vocational architectural training, the graduate may choose to transfer credits to a college or university and begin an architecture degree program to acquire Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BS), Master of Arts (MA), or Master of Science (MS) degree in Architectural Engineering.

If you would like to learn more about Architecture Training, or even Online Architecture Schools, you can find more in-depth information and resources on our website.

DISCLAIMER: Above is a GENERAL OVERVIEW and may or may not reflect specific practices, courses and/or services associated with ANY ONE particular school(s) that is or is not advertised on SchoolsGalore.com.

Copyright 2007 - All rights reserved by SchoolsGalore.com, in association with Media Positive Communications, Inc.

Notice: Publishers are free to use this article on an ezine or website, provided the article is reprinted in its entirety, including copyright and disclaimer, and ALL links remain intact and active.

Michael Bustamante is a staff writer for Media Positive Communications, Inc. in association with SchoolsGalore.com. Find Architecture Schools, Colleges, Universities, Vocational Schools, and Online Schools at SchoolsGalore.com, your educational resource to locate schools.

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Architecture Courses | Online Architecture Training

Many architectural schools require specialty on-the-job training and internships at almost every level, which takes three years.

Students who intend to take online accredited architecture training should check to find out whether the training is accredited from a valid institution or not. The process of taking architectural licensing exams becomes a bit easier if a student takes training from an accredited institution. Online architectural training helps students choose their career path in architecture.

There are many online courses available offering two-year, four-year as well as five-year programs. Taking a four-year bachelor degree program is considered to be a good choice, as it helps exploring options before deciding which graduate program in architecture would be suitable to take.

Scope of Online Architecture Training

Online architecture training can help aspiring architects achieve their career goals. It instructs students in the art and science of designing and constructing buildings. There are many busy people who wanted to pursue an architectural degree, but could not manage it due to lack of time. Online architecture training is the ideal choice for them as it is neither very expensive nor time consuming.

You can easily manage your studies while working. Most reputable institutions accredit all online architecture schools. In a number of regions, architects need to have taken an approved degree program to obtain a license.

Students considering online architecture training programs might also consider looking into options related to technical, vocational schools or community colleges offering online training. This offers a better chance for students to get good internships and placements.

If a student enrolls in a trade school, he or she can earn a certificate, diploma or degree as an Associate of Arts or Associate of Science in Architecture. This helps students save a lot of time, complete the architecture course and become independent, thereby making a mark in their chosen specialization.

Online architecture training programs offer students courses tailored to learn architectural design. They also update students on a range of modern technologies and building sciences. Students taking online training can expect a considerable gain in knowledge of comprehensive skills like using Computer Assisted Drafting software and three dimensional visualization technologies. Many online architecture-training programs also include graphic design, drafting, design theory and architecture as well as engineering and communication courses.

Employment Opportunities

Online architecture training programs offers a number of employment opportunities to students who have successfully completed their architecture training. Students are generally prepared for entry-level employment such as Architect Technicians, Building Material salesperson, construction assistants, estimators, engineering technicians and several other related professions.

With this online architecture training, you can work with a company or even start a business of your own, provided you have a working license recognized by the state.

Tony Jacowski is a quality analyst for The MBA Journal. Aveta Solutions - Six Sigma Online ( http://www.sixsigmaonline.org ) offers online six sigma training and certification classes for lean six sigma, black belts, green belts, and yellow belts.

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Architecture Courses | Build a Dream Career in Architecture

In India, the construction and real estate is seeing a positive boom. The focus has shifted from just basic functionality to aesthetics, comfort, luxury and style. Hence, the demand for good architects is also on the rise. Architecture involves planning and designing of building and structures. A good architect can create marvels that remain as a testimony to his talent for ages. Taj Mahal, Eiffel Tower, pyramids of Egypt, Hotel Burj Al Arab, and many more like these are masterpieces of ancient and modern architecture. Today, architects need to blend their vision and dreams with materials to come up with structures that are high quality, with good functionality and environmentally friendly too.

Architects are required to design a variety of structures such as houses, apartments and colonies, shopping and commercial complexes, offices and industrial complexes, hospitals, hotels, airport terminals, schools etc. They are also required if a building has to be renovated or repaired. Thus, the demand for architects will never dwindle.

All those who are looking to make a career in this field have a few things to keep in mind. Ideally, students good at physics and mathematics are better suited to study architecture. To become an architect, one should have creativity with an interest towards designing. It is beneficial if one can also sketch and draw with a free hand. One should be socially and environmentally aware apart from being technically and mathematically sound to become a good architect. Of course, good communication skills, physical ability to work on the site, high concentration level, flexibility, patience, team spirit, responsibility and accountability can take one a long way in this field.

There are good training courses in architecture offered by institutes across India. To apply for a course, one should have completed higher secondary education with physics, chemistry, mechanical/ engineering drawing and mathematics, with a minimum of 60 percent marks. Most of the schools conduct entrance tests through national and state level entrance examinations. For entry to undergraduate programmes in government and private institutes, national level entrance examination is conducted by the Council of Architecture. However, there are separate state level tests too, such as one conducted by Tamil Nadu. Indian Institutes of Technology also offer architecture programmes. Entrance to these programmes is through the Joint Entrance Exams (JEE) held in May each year. Other than theses, one has to appear for an aptitude test to ensure admission.

The degree course B.Arch is a 5 year course. After the graduate course, one can also study architecture at the post graduate course which varies from 18 months to 2 years.
There are various good institutes that offer courses in architecture. School of Planning & Architecture in New Delhi offers two Undergraduate Programmes leading to Bachelor's Degree in Architecture and Planning. The Bachelor of Architecture is a five-year programme. The school also offers the Master's and Doctoral Programmes in Architecture. SPA offers a 4-year programme in Bachelor of Planning.

Chandigarh College of Architecture (CCA) is another good institute. The college conducts a five year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.)
The admission is made on the basis of the Common Entrance Test (CET) and Architecture Aptitude Test conducted by the Punjab University.

Based in Mumbai, the Sir J J School of Art conducts a 5-year course in Bachelor Of Architecture (B Arch). and a 3-year Master Of Architecture Degree. The institute also offers short term courses in computer education relevant to architecture after college hours.

Apart from these, there are other good schools like School of Architecture CEPT, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad; Lucknow University, Govt. College of Architecture; Goa University, College of Architecture; Indian Education Society's College of Architecture, Mumbai; Pune University, Marathwada Mitra Mandal College of Architecture; Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, School of Planning & Architecture, Hyderabad; Kerala University, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthpuram; Anna University, School of Architecture & Planning., Chennai; IPS Academy, School of Architecture, Indore; Bengal Engineering College, West Bengal; Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Gurgaon; Vastu Kala Academy, School of Architecture & Interior Designing, New Delhi.

Some architects go in for specialization in India and abroad. The fiels of specialization could be urban designing, regional planning, building engineering and management, architectural conservation, industrial design, landscape arhitecture, naval architecture, architecture concerning traffic and transport planning etc.

There are a lot of avenues to choose from for architects. There are opportunities available in government as well as private sectors. The government organisations include Public Works Department, the Archaeological Department, Ministry of Defence, Departments of Railways, Post and Telegraphs, Public Sector Undertakings, National Building Organisation, Town and Country Planning Organisation, National Institute of Urban Affairs, Housing and Urban Development Corporation, National Building Construction Corporation Ltd., City Development Authorities etc. One can also go or private practice and start own firm and become a successful architect. After all, it requires dreams and good vision to make a mark in this industry.

Geetika Jain writes on behalf of Shiksha.com. Shiksha.com is an education portal that connects education seeker with education provider. Shiksha.com has wide information over Architechture colleges, Professional colleges and courses. Its education forums enable its users to seek opinion of students, alumni and faculty of colleges and schools through College Groups and School Groups.

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Roman Architecture | Shaping the Face of Earth

Architecture is defined as the activity of designing and constructing buildings. It reflects the society and affects the way that society develops. Designing any kind of system is known as architecture. From the time immemorial the profession of architecture plays a key role in the developments of building, town planning, urban design and landscape architecture. It is actually the designing of a total built environment.

The profession of architecture was evolved for purposes like shelter, security, worship and lots more. Ancient people understood the need of buildings and slowly started building with the raw materials like rocks, trees etc. Gradually this turned into a profession of crafts. There were several eminent architects through out the world who gave a new look for the planet. Each country has different varieties of architects to their credits. If you look into the ancient civilizations to modern world there have tremendous changes. It is considered as cultural and political symbol of each country. Architectural works identify each country. Some of the important works are Great Wall of China, pyramids of Egypt, Taj Mahal of India etc which is still preserved as monuments.

Ancient Architectures like Egyptian, Greek, Indian, African, Etruscan, Inca, Maya, Persian, Roman, Sumerian etc are works which are still admired with pride. There are many attractive and wonderful works through out the world. Every architectural works had its own style. Almost all the works of Romans were based on the dome. African architectures resembled ancient Egyptians and by the 19th century European styles were adopted by African architects. Indian architectures are famous with temples, palaces and forts. Indian style of Architecture includes Hindu Temple Architecture, Islamic Architecture, western classical architecture and post modern architecture. But in Chinese architectural more emphasis was given to horizontal axis. Meanwhile European architecture has variety of works ranging from classical to Eclecticism. All the architectural works of all countries shows its culture, political and social set up.

Gradually after Second World War modern architecture became popular. According to some historians modern architecture was developed because of the social and political revolutions. But some others believe that it is because of the technology and engineering developments. The main reason for modern architecture development can be said to be the industrial revolution. New building material like iron, glass, steel and concrete played a key role in the modern architecture growth.

There are many architecture schools and colleges across the globe. Many people are interested to pursue their studies in architecture. With the fast developing world, architects have wide job opportunities. This is a profession where you can explore new ways of living, investigating new technologies, and materials and much more. Architecture is a person who has the power and influence on today's society. Big and small companies in architecture world require manpower that has creativity and skills. If you are person who needs to be a part of the development of the society then this is the right profession.

Find some informative articles and great videos on architecture, which helped humans reshape the face of the world.

Visit http://www.onarchitecture.tv now!

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Roman Architecture | Architectural Columns

Architectural columns are found on all types of buildings, such as magnificent homes, spectacular churches, resorts, and luxurious hotels. The reasons why they are still such popular elements are not hard to recognize: these elements bestow beauty, elegance, and an appearance of strength wherever they are found. But when was the column first invented? How have architectural columns changed in terms of how they are manufactured and used over the millennia. This article will provide a brief overview of the history and current status of the architectural feature known as the column.

The First Columns

The Greeks and Romans are often credited with inventing architectural columns, but it was actually the Egyptians that first crafted them. Working with stone, the Ancient Egyptians crafted massive columns that had the appearance of bundled reeds in approximately 2600 BC. The embellishments found on these elements suggest that, even back then, the craftsmen who built them were concerned with function and aesthetics. The columns later crafted by the Persians were even more elaborate, featuring capitals that depicted a variety of animals.

The Development of the Classical Column Orders

The reason why architectural columns are so often associated with the societies of Ancient Greece and Rome is that it was these civilizations that developed the designs that would eventually become known as the classical orders. Columns found on Greek and Roman buildings could be fluted, often included bases and meticulously carved capitals, and were frequently crowned with grand entablatures. Stone was the most frequently used column material, so these elements were obviously exceptionally heavy and difficult to transport and install. The architectural columns of the Greeks and Romans provided essential support to buildings, and had to be crafted to be capable of supporting an extraordinary amount of weight.

Architectural Columns Today

Some of the columns seen on buildings today are structural, but many are considered decorative, added to building exteriors and interiors for their aesthetic value. There are a few points with respect to these modern features that are worth noting here. The first is that, in recent decades, more lightweight materials have been invented. GFRP columns and GFRC columns, for instance, weigh much less than those crafted from stone. This has made the transportation and installation of columns easier than it was in the past. These materials are also moldable, which has made many more designs possible. Another important fact to note is that columns are now used in a larger number of applications. Once usually found on the outside of massive buildings, GFRP columns are now used to partition indoor areas, surround gazebos, and even mark the front doors of private homes.

Stromberg Architectural is the world's leading producer of architectural columns. The company also crafted the world's largest architectural columns for Caesers Palace in Las Vegas. Visit Stromberg Architectural Columns for more information.

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Roman Architecture | Norman Architecture

Norman Architecture, named so due to its roots in Normandy, arose in the Middle Ages. It began in the early 11th century and ended by the 12th century, following the Saxon architectural movement and preceding the Gothic movement. Norman architecture is a form of the prevailing Romanesque Architecture that was propagated by the Normans (or Vikings) who conquered England. Its development gave rise to large and impenetrable cathedrals, fortresses, castles, and fortifications.

The archetypal monastery building arose during this movement, with its squat buildings that were either rectangular or circular. For instance, the renowned abbey Mont-Saint-Michel was built in the Norman era. In fact, the majority of Norman Architecture is religious structures, from village churches to royal cathedrals. A hallmark of Norman churches is their cross-like shape, deriving from the Roman basilica pattern. These churches also had bell towers, or campaniles, which were built nearby the main church buildings.

The quintessential medieval castles are also a distinctly Norman innovation. They arose not only in England but also in Scotland, Ireland, Normandy, and even Italy. In Italy, however, Norman features were combined with Byzantine and Arabic styles, which made for less gloominess.

Norman Architecture is actually an outgrowth of Romanesque Architecture, which began in Lombardy, Italy. Romanesque derives much of its architecture from classic Roman styles, such as arches, vaults, columns, and arcades. It greatly utilized the rounded arch, a Roman invention. It also used a great variety of vault styles. The prevailing type was the barrel vault, a curved vault used widely in cloisters.

The building materials used in Norman Architecture mainly included stones, so as to give the buildings greater stability. These stones were uncut because there were no real architectural jobs, such as mason jobs, in the Norman era. Therefore, buildings were made up of large, irregularly shaped stones that contributed to their bulky look.

Norman roofs were vaulted, like their Roman predecessors. Vaults allowed for more balanced weight distribution across the roof. Norman buildings' adornment was minimal, though some architects used their chisels to carve a series of arches into walls. These were not actual arches, but carvings giving a trompe de l'oeil effect. Moreover, some architects carved moldings onto stone surfaces. A minority of architects even became so adroit with their chisel that they sculpted animals onto reliefs over doorways, or tympanums. Arches and columns were also minimally decorated elements. As the Norman movement reached its peak in the 12th century, however, it gave rise to more ornamentation. This ornamentation gradually culminated in the first stained glass windows in the 12th century, directly before the Gothic Architecture took hold.

Norman Architecture is additionally distinguished by very small windows. Before the Gothic movement, architects avoided installing large windows because it increased the chances of building collapse. Therefore, people who resided in Norman buildings were in extremely dim surroundings, using candles as their only source of light. It wasn't until the Gothic period that architects safely installed huge windows to let in an enormous quantity of light, giving cathedrals their celestial quality.

Yet, Romanesque and Norman Architecture also blazed new trails by installing much taller buildings, such as castles and cathedrals, which were the largest structures in Europe at that point. These buildings were usually square and inhabited by guards who worked as night watchmen, scanning the surrounding landscape for intruders.

With these taller buildings came much denser walls to give the needed support to these great heights. Inside these buildings, there were also large columns that bolstered structural support. These walls would become much thinner with the advent of flying buttresses, which arose in the Gothic movement.

One of England's first pieces of Norman Architecture was London's Westminster Abbey. Though this structure is now largely Gothic, it began as a Norman construction. Many Gothic structures, in fact, began as Norman buildings that were later elaborated on by Gothic architects. Many central towers (keeps) on castle and cathedral grounds were also Norman. These square, dense-walled structures were used as dungeons as well as defense fortresses. The Tower of London (also called the White Tower), which served as the royal dungeon, is another penultimate example of Norman Architecture. Like all Romanesque buildings, it was tall in its day, reaching about 90 feet high. It also contained extremely thick walls, spanning about 15 feet wide, to support that height. It is, like many Romanesque buildings, a fortress-like building.

While Gothic Architecture produced extremely tall, magnificent structures, these structures were essentially continuations of Norman Architecture. Gothic Architecture utilized pointed arches rather than Norman rounded arches, along with ribbed vaults that were combinations of Norman barrel vaults. Therefore, Gothic Architecture as we know it may not have taken place without its grounding in Norman Architecture.

Today, most people immediately associate Norman and Romanesque architectural styles with the fairy-tale medieval period. Architects have learned that these castles and cathedrals were not so much royal residences as densely armed fortifications. In truth, most Norman structures have been the sites of much bloodshed and suffering. The "Dark Ages," by which the Middle Ages was alternately known, may have been due in part to the dimness of Norman buildings, as a result of their extremely small windows.

Today's architects are not rebuilding Norman Architecture, except for historical reproduction purposes. Church builders, moreover, take more inspiration from the Gothic period than any other architectural period. However, most architects certainly regard the Norman movement as an architectural watershed. Norman Architecture realized unsurpassed heights and first renewed the magnificence of classical styles. Though taking place in a dark period, it manifested the collective desire to reawaken human greatness, as people perceived it in classical architecture. Part of Norman Architecture's legacy was to have passed on this desire in large measure to the succeeding Renaissance era.

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Harrison has worked for the United States Department of Justice, a federal district judge and the law firms of Quinn Emanuel Urquhart Oliver & Hedges and Dewey Ballantine. After three years of practice, Harrison founded Juriscape, under which he developed a collection of industry-specific job-search websites that revolutionized the way job seekers access employment postings from around the world. Harrison and his companies began serving the legal industry with BCG Attorney Search and LawCrossing. Following on the success of those endeavors, the company soon broadened its range to include the 90+ EmploymentCrossing websites, each specific to a particular industry or field. Juriscape changed its name to EmploymentScape in 2007 to reflect the company's broadening focus.

In addition to the EmploymentCrossing websites, EmploymentScape employs top job recruiters nationwide and offers resume development and distribution services through EmploymentAuthority and LegalAuthority.

Harrison's latest venture is Hound.com. Using technology that took two years to develop, Hound is able to pull job listings from company sites throughout the world, giving its members the best opportunities to find and apply to jobs.

Harrison resides in Malibu, California. He is a sought-after motivational speaker [http://www.aharrisonbarnes.com/speaking-coaching-and-workshop-fees] and writes articles relating to the legal community. Harrison is an active philanthropist and advocate for people reaching their full potential in their careers. Given his passion for job seekers and them reaching their full ability, Harrison recently started offering a limited number of coaching engagements to job seekers.

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Roman Architecture | Architectural Pillars Trace Back to Roman Times

Architectural pillars utilized in our ultramodern day owe an amazing amount of the ideas to the Roman architects. See the Romans were actually the first culture to use the columns and they did it so much that they actually made architectural columns recognized across the globe. The main intention of the Roman columns used in the Empire were used for both practical and functional reasons but, they were also used for aesthetic reasons as well. The Romans like the aristocrats were really concerned with things that were beautiful.

Obviously looking back on things like The Colosseum, Aqueduct of Segovia and the Roman Arenas these places are all places of beauty even if they weren't used for things OF beauty. As we all know the arenas were usually a place of blood-shed. But when you actually look at the arenas that were available the architectural is just stunning. I mean it still makes me wonder how the Colosseum was built in 72 A.D and yet it looks like it was built now.

Seriously innovative and advanced beyond their time! A Roman basilica, a roofed hall with a large central area called a nave, flanked by side rooms, would often use architectural columns. The first basilicas were used for business meetings and legal proceedings. This kind of construction was later conformed by the Christians and became a standard blueprint for church edifices many of which are still used today. The main center of Rome was the forum and this was true for all of the other Roman cities as well.

This was often an open area surrounded by stores and it was the primary meeting place of each town. They also had the Senate, Office, Roman Basilica, Sacred Buildings and Civic buildings. Of course if Rome was the place of birth for columns and pillars you would also suspect that these buildings would also use the same pillars and you are correct. In fact, it became almost a "rule" of sorts. The Roman influence was frequently seen throughout the Middle Ages in places such as Palaces and cathedrals in churches. A lot of these incredible buildings have survived since the modern times (as has The Colosseum) and still stand to this day!

To see the influence the architectural columns of Roman times have had on us today simply take a walk around the grounds of any university that is more than fifty years old. At the very least the administration building, and probably most all of the classroom buildings will employ architectural pillars as well. The Roman influence on our architecture is the same now, and always has been apparent if you only take the time to look!

This author is a HUGE fan of Architecture

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Roman Architecture | Romans in the Decadence of the Empire

French artiste Thomas Couture (1815-1879) was a popular 'History' & 'Classical' painter of 'Realist' flavor, portraitist, and the teacher of the nineteenth century. 'History Painting,' considered the 'grand genre' for a long time, dates back to the 'Renaissance' era. Couture's most famous painting "Romans in the Decadence of the Empire" belonged to this style of art. Apart from illustrating the historical events of the recent past, 'History Painting' pertains to the technique of capturing the scenes from Christian History, Classical History, and mythology. The paintings belonging to the historical genre are often based on religious, allegorical, or literary subjects, and usually carry a moral or an intellectual interpretation of life. Some of the most iconographic historical events have been depicted in these paintings. In addition, sometimes, artists took great liberties with the historical facts by creating even those events on canvas, which had not ever actually occurred.

Thomas Couture painted his most famous painting "Romans in the Decadence of the Empire" in the year 1847. This splendid work portrays on a monumental canvas, an orgy, which was interpreted as sarcasm or satire on the debauched regime of the July Monarchy under the French King Louis Philippe, during 1830 to 1848. "Romans in the Decadence of the Empire" conveys the moral corruption synonymous to the then Roman society. The scene takes place in an enormous hall, surrounded by tall marble pillars and beautiful statues. In the center of the hall, is a platform on which there are semi-naked men and women lying everywhere, completely engrossed in the frenzy of physical pleasure. They all seem inebriated or drunk, and a few of them are even shown dancing under the effect of intoxication. Outside, the clear blue sky shines bright, offering a striking contrast to the drunken madness inside the palace. Right in the front of the platform, a couple of well-sculpted urns are shown. Thomas' respect and love for classical culture comes alive with his pulchritudinous display of Roman sculptures and architecture in "Romans in the Decadence of the Empire."

The Roman Empire and civilization had an indelible influence on the cultures of almost all European nations. While under 'Neoclassicism,' the Roman architecture, art, and lifestyles were all borrowed by these nations, even the Roman decadence did not go unnoticed on that front. It brought about a time when people developed greater interest in the decline of the Roman Empire than in its grandeur. Thomas Couture also tried to express his version of social criticism through "Romans in the Decadence of the Empire," which effectively criticized his contemporary French society. The painting, which won immense appreciation and accolades, now adorns the walls of Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France.

Annette Labedzki received her BFA at the Emily Carr College of Art and Design in Vancouver, B.C. Canada. She has more than 25 years experience. She is the founder and developer of an online art gallery featuring original art from all over the world. It is a great site for art collectors to buy original art. Is is also a venue for artists to display and sell their art . Artists can join for free and their image upload is unlimited. Please visit the website at http://www.Labedzki-Art.com Annette has bonus offers on her work only. Buy 2 paintings of any size and receive 1 painting of your choice for free of equal size and value. SHIPPING IS FREE IN CANADA AND US ON SMALLER ITEMS Please feel free to subscribe to her newsletter at http://www.Labedzki-Art.com

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Roman Architecture | A Roman Town in Extremadura

420 kilometres north of the Costa del Sol, in Extremadura, is the small town of Merida. It is too far for a day trip from the Costa del Sol and in any case there is far too much to see in one day so try for one of the special offers at the Medea Melia Tryp which is about 20 minutes walk from the centre of the town. Merida is remarkable in that its history dates back to Roman times and being in a remote, less well-known part of Spain, has not been developed to any great extent. Consequently there are still many traces of what was once one of the most important Roman and Islamic cities in the peninsula.

Augusta Emerita was founded in 25 BC for retired Italian soldiers who had fought in the Cantabrian war. It was also intended to be the capital of the recently (27 BC) created province of Lusitania. Its location made it a communications centre where roads from Lisbon (Olisipo), Astorga (Asturica), Toledo (Toletum), Cordoba (Corduba) and Seville (Hispalis) all met.

The Medea Hotel is an excellent place to start an exploration of Augusta Emerita. Even the hotel itself is built in a 'Roman amphitheatre' style and is alongside one of the main Roman roads that led to the city allowing us to march smartly down to the Roman bridge. Recently pedestrianized, the bridge has been in constant use for over 2000 years. Repairs over the years have been in keeping with the original style and the majority of it is original. It is one of the finest examples of Roman architecture in the peninsular. Sixty arches carry the bridge across the river to the south gate into the city. On the right of the gate are the original walls. Those to the left have been demolished. It is easy to imagine the legionnaires breathing a sigh of relief after marching from Portugal with their destination in sight.

Once in the city the choice of destinations is daunting. To cover the Roman period a visit to the amphitheatre and theatre is a must. The theatre is the best example of its kind in western Europe. Next to the theatre is the amphitheatre. Built in 8 BC it is also an excellent example with many of the passages below the seating still in their original form. The pit in the floor was where gladiators and wild animals were kept prior to their 'performance'. Many people are confused by the words theatre and amphitheatre, expecting the latter to be a semi circle and the former to be round. During the early part of the Roman Empire gladiatorial games to the death and pitting man against beast were popular entertainments. These took place in the round amphitheatre. Later, during the Imperial period, plays and music became popular and for these purposes the semi circular theatres were built.

A visit to the Museum of Roman Art near the theatre is also a must. Here you can see the usual glass, coins, statues and other artefacts found during excavations but the two highlights are the fine mosaics, and the examples of Roman water technology. Some of the mosaics are huge and extremely well preserved. Romans were as class conscious as any other people and mosaics were used to impress friends and neighbours. The smaller each individual tile in the mosaic the more detail can be achieved with consequential increases in cost.

It is the technology that really impresses. Huge bronze valves used to isolate sections of water piping for maintenance, valves to control the rate of flow of water and one-way valves. A detailed video, also available for sale, shows how the Romans understood and used water pressure to move water vertically as well as horizontally. Given a few more years they could easily have invented the steam engine. It is easy to realise how the uneducated Visigoths, who replaced the Romans, found the technology incomprehensible and thus failed to maintain it.

When wandering around Merida it is impossible not to notice other examples of Roman architecture. There is an arch, still in use, monumental aqueducts, bath houses unearthed beneath demolished buildings from a later era and many examples of original walls still used in current buildings.

Breathtaking it may be but you still have to keep body and soul together. Fortunately there is no shortage of watering holes. Menu del Dia is definitely the way to go here and if you get the chance try the ham. Extremadurans claim their ham is superior to Serrano, and they are right.

A favourite form of entertainment during Roman times took place at the Hippodrome or circus. The one at Merida is one of only three known in Spain, the other two are at Toledo and Tarragona. Built in an oval shape, over 400 metres long and 150 metres wide, the Merida circus could seat 30,000 people, almost the entire population. They were treated to chariot races, seven laps with no rules other than the winner was the first across the finishing line. Champions were venerated, there were no prizes for coming second and accidents were common. The chariots were as light as possible and pulled by two or four horses. They entered the ring at the start of the race via starting gates situated in a line at one end of the circus, very similar to the start of a modern horse race today, and thundered around the central platform that was called a spina. On occasion the entire circus could be flooded to enable re-enactments of naval battles.

The huge amount of water required to flood the arena would have come from the aqueduct that passes the western end of the circus. This is the Acueducto de San Lazaro and it is impossible to miss it. The arches supporting the water channel march off for well over a kilometre towards the hills north of the city. Notice how at the circus end modern buildings abut the aqueduct. There are not many houses with a finer arch at the end of the drive than the one here at Merida. Recently excavated beneath the aqueduct is the site of a public baths area and a sports area, a Roman desportivos.

Walking back into town you will next arrive at the Casa del Anfiteatro that is a whole site in its own right. The south section of the aqueduct emerges here and there is a water tower with a house alongside. Inside the house you will find some wonderful mosaics.

From there it is a short walk to the south end of town, near the bullring. You will come to a site called Columbarios, which is a Roman cemetery. Two of the vaults have been identified as belonging to the Julius family and the Voconius family. The cemetery would have been situated outside the city walls as was customary at the time. The epigraphs and portraits have survived. Leaving the cemetery you will arrive at the Casa del Mitro. This was a large villa also situated outside the city walls. Some wall decorations and mosaics have survived along with the foundations, an extensive bath house and a huge underground water cistern.

To really take away an idea of what life was like around the 1st century AD then a visit to Moreria is essential. This is a 12,000 square metre site behind the city wall alongside the river north of the Roman bridge. Originally it was an urban area, the houses, large and small are there to see, with a section of the east west main road through the town. It is easy to imagine this bustling street with covered arcades on each side housing shops and taverns. Four minor roads lead off and penetrate the city walls to give access to the river. This site is particularly important for revealing a continuous history of occupation from Roman, through Visigoth to Moors and then Christians, each leaving their layer for us to find.

Nick Nutter is the editor of a successful magazine, Andalucia Life, in southern Spain. He writes articles about the places he visits. The web site http://www.andalucia-life.com is updated every month with new articles, days out, places to go, news from the Costa del Sol and more.

For more exciting places to visit in Andalucia, Extremadura, Portugal and Morocco, visit http://www.andalucia-life.com/magazine/list.cfm?LeftNav=Places to Visit

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